European History World War I Essay

The point of convergence of this article is to assess and examine the situation of female medical attendants in World War I. The paper generally could be specified about the effect of World War I on the home front to the nations including particularly ladies. For the reason references would be taken from dominatingly four books. The first is It’s far to Tipperary: British and Irish Nurses in the Great War by Yvonne McEwen and the subsequent one utilized in this paper is Nurses at the Front: Writing the Wounds of the Great War by Margaret R. Higonnet. The third and fourth book utilized for this paper would be The lady of Royaumount: A Scottish women’s medical clinic on the western front by Eileen Crofton and War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa by Joshua S. Goldstein. Aside from all these an article by Margaret H. Darrow would likewise be utilized that was distributed in the American Historical Review Vol. 101, No 1 in February 1996 named French Volunteer Nursing and the Myth of War Experience in WWI. Every one of these writings would be significant assets for deciding the genuine situation of ladies during the First World War. Yvonne McEwen book manages the characters that are frequently neglected while managing the more prominent point of view of an immense episode like the First World War. These are the individuals who basically work behind the scene however make enormous commitment to the reason yet as a rule are not referenced by academicians. Such characters are the female medical caretakers of the First World War. The creator presents a declaration to each one of those medical attendants of the First World War who end up being individuals with surprising mental fortitude and capacity to shoulder difficulty. It isn't just the troopers of the First World War who indicated every one of these characteristics yet the creator specifies that it is the female medical caretakers who went uncelebrated in the wake of demonstrating themselves to be no less devoted to their nation and administration than the officers. The penances of these individuals are not really recorded and in this manner the creator is instrumental in introducing to us the untold accounts of the female medical attendants and their situation in the First World War. Simultaneously the creator makes reference to the opposite side of this calling and administration where the female medical caretakers is activated in an enormous number to contend among rival nursing administration offices. The net outcome frequently end up being inappropriate. This is on the grounds that however there was a tremendous interest of female attendants in the First World War it was alluring that the female medical caretakers partaking and electing to serve are prepared satisfactorily. It is very nearly an assurance that because of this activation in mass numbers the nature of the female attendants was lessening. In a similar setting it ought to likewise be said that this absence of practicable information was regularly concealed by the will to serve and buckle down. Nonetheless, the creator demonstrates a few records that show the altruistic parts of the First World War female attendants and their situation in the social request as they were seen by the troopers as friends in need however much of the time they were just sofas and no more. Be that as it may, in a period of mass decimation and distress this was more than adequate for a withering youthful fighter. The creator portrays this part of the female attendants with extraordinary love and guilty pleasure. (McEwen, 2006) The second content by Higonnet uncovers a greater amount of individual record of the two most well known attendants from the United States, Mary Borden and Ellen N. La Motte. Their own perspectives on the First World War, as presented for by the creator between similar spreads, shows the inward universe of the female medical caretakers during the time of the war. These are ladies who saw the war amazingly intently and along these lines portrays the incredibly troublesome act of military medication under merciless conditions. Their records are regularly eerie and both mirrors the quandary of treatment where the patient for whom the attendants buckle down would at last come back to the combat area either to be murdered or to slaughter. Now the content turns out to be contacting and others conscious and yet shows us the genuine situation of the female attendants during the First World War. Apparently the female medical caretakers were, it could be said, simply consoling medium or cost gave by the administration to mend their executing machines. The facts demonstrate that this expense of war is regularly hard to process with its unforgiving real factors of death and rot of the human brain where the vast majority of the sympathetic principals are depleted off under insufferable conditions. In any case, the medical caretakers portray their records not just from the perspective of spectators yet from a point where apparently they are really reviling their need of recuperating the blood waterway. There is a sure purpose of parenthood or nurturing feeling engaged with their records. Their content not just turns out to be critical for deciding the genuine situation of the medical caretakers during the First World War time frame yet in addition presents us with others conscious accounts that are moving, insightful and moving. (Higonnet, 2001) Eileen Crofton’s The Women of Royaumont, A Scottish Women’s Hospital on the Western Front is an account of an emergency clinic in Royaumont which was inside not many miles from the western front during the First World War. This story additionally tells the record of Miss Frances Ivens who fills in as a specialist in this clinic. Miss Ivens was additionally liable for the set up of this completely prepared emergency clinic to serve the injured fighters from the front. This is a great anecdote about the faculty of this medical clinic where demise and agony turned into a customary element during the First World War time frame these were the individuals who never loosed any expectation and lead existence with difficulty and administration from 1915 as far as possible of the war in 1919. Here we locate the day by day life of the female medical caretakers with their dread and expectation and assurance. It is an intriguing idea to peruse the parts where they are seen observing Christmas or other such happy states of mind alongside their substantial timetable where specialists were permitted on around three hours of rest because of surge of patients. Here we discover the whereabouts of the female medical attendants with subtleties records such various patients during a particular timeframe in the war and the complete number of medicines alongside subtleties of diseases alongside their race and religions. The essayist makes us mindful that these are faculty who worked in the midst of shells and weapon discharge and still kept up their elevated level of expert abilities. Here we additionally discover the parts of silliness, similar to the celebrations or games, helped their good to proceed with the unforgiving days of the First World War time frame. We additionally go over the political circumstance where the administration took care of the issue with all around defined methodologies to endure. Along these lines this content uncovers a gigantic measure of subtleties that is expected to decide the situation of medical attendants in the First World War time frame. We can undoubtedly comprehend the high position these ladies consumed in the psyches of the patients however tragically the equivalent was not really evident when it came to organization and government. Whenever decided from Eileen Crofton’s perspective it was the pariahs who never shared the life of the medical caretakers and neglected to offer their due appreciation. And yet the facts confirm that while assessing the situation of the female medical attendants during the time of the principal World War it turns into sure that the tip top of the general public scarcely offered any appreciation to these fearless specialist co-ops despite the fact that a portion of the prominent female medical caretaker originated from this class. In any case, the principle worries to the medical caretakers were the prosperity of the warriors and there they were profoundly regarded and respected. Goldstein’s text presents an alternate edge to the whole conversation and alongside it puts a fascinating perspective as well. Goldstein focuses on the viewpoint that expresses that the effect of sex contrast and the hugeness of sex contrasts are generally noticeable during the time of war. However disputable contentions, and the scattering of savviness across educational guidelines, have secured comprehension of the idea of war and its execution on the parts of sexual orientation. As indicated by the author the influence war cause on sex and the sexual orientation distinction influence the idea of war is shared and concurrent. To wander this method of conditions the creator investigates the part of war by and large since the commencement of human clash and notes in an energetic yet definitive way that quite often ladies were barred from direct battle circumstance. The compose even shows this has been the general standard and it is relevant for all race and culture. Anyway the creator did make reference to and assessed the episodes where the ladies battled in direct war zone with much achievement. In a similar setting the creator additionally specifies the idea of male multifaceted nature in the boundaries of social practices cause for the most part because of discharge of testosterone. This part is an exceptionally intriguing theme as it views the essential parts of the ideas identifying with the development of gentility and manliness under the boundaries of war and especially the First World War. To clarify the issue the writer represents the book into seven wide parts that bargains different parts of war and the resulting influences on ladies as a rule. The main part is A Puzzle: The Cross-Cultural Consistency of Gender Roles in War where the homogenous idea of women’s position is talked about in the light of war. The subsequent section is named Women Warriors: The Historical Record of Female Combatants where the job of dynamic investment is noted. The third section is Bodies: The Biology of Individual Gender where the creator investigates the subtleties of the contrasts between the genders. The fourth section looks for the social situation of ladies and it named Groups: Bonding, Hierarchy, and Social Identity. The fifth section manages the portrayal of war as a methods for development of male character and in this manner it is named Heroes: The Making of Militarized Masculinity. The 6th section is named

Can You Retake AP Exams Expert Guide

Would you be able to Retake AP Exams Expert Guide SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Most AP tests are testing, and scores don't generally turn out the manner in which you envisioned they would. In case you're worried that you've relinquished any opportunity of getting school credit, would you be able to retake an AP exam?In this article, I'll give you how you can ricochet once more from a low AP score to wind up with school credits and AP Scholar Awards. Would you be able to Retake AP Exams If You Do Poorly? For one thing, would you be able to retake an AP test? The appropriate response is yes! In the event that you don’t excel on an AP test, you can retake it whenever it’s offered the next May. In any case, you ought to consider this choice cautiously before committing.If you score a 3 or above on an AP test, I wouldn’t suggest going for a retake except if you’re totally set on winning school credit for your work. Eventually, your AP score will have negligible effect on your confirmation chances except if you’re applying to the most particular universities with 1s and 2s. As per theCollege Board FAQ, When we overviewed confirmation officials, in excess of 75 percent showed that a low score on an AP Exam would NOT hurt an applicant’s affirmation prospects(emphasis mine).In different words, the evaluation you win in the year-long AP class is a higher priority than areyour AP score for confirmations purposes. Retaking AP tests is costly; it will cost you an extra $94!It's likewise a truly big time duty to take on extra concentrating on a full course load. Truly consider whether it's justified, despite all the trouble before you choose your choice. On the off chance that you despite everything feel sure that you need to retake the test, address your school’s AP Coordinator about registering.You cansign up through your school, much the same as you did the first occasion when you stepped through the exam, with the exception of now your instructor won't help you through the procedure. It’s totally dependent upon you to find the organizer and make courses of action to step through the examination. In the event that you need to retake an AP test, you gotta shed the preparation haggles your young lady bicycle over to the direction office. In the event that you truly need to dazzle them, ride a unicycle. Do Both AP Scores Show Up? Which One Counts for AP Scholar Awards? Your score report will incorporate all your AP scores (counting rehashes of a similar test) except if you decide to retain or drop scores.The distinction among retaining and dropping scores is that when you drop your score, it is for all time erased, as though you never at any point took the test.There is no charge for dropping a score. Here's theScore Cancellation Formyou would need to send to the College Board. Then again, on the off chance that you decide to retain your AP score, it won’t be seen by universities, however it will remain on record in the event that you need to send it later.It costs $10 per score to retain scores from schools that you initially showed on your answer sheet.Here’s theScore Withholding Formyou’d need to send to the College Board. The cutoff time for both retention and dropping AP scores for tests you took is June 15.If you miss the cutoff time, every one of your scores will be sent to the universities you showed on your answer sheet. On the off chance that you decide to retake an AP test, just your most noteworthy score will check toward AP Scholar Awards, regardless of whether you don’t drop or retain your lower score.That implies you don’t need to stress over your underlying score destroying your odds at turning into an AP researcher in the event that you show enhancement for your subsequent attempt. Never dread, you can at present become a researcher with a sweet facial hair regardless of whether you get a low AP score the first run through around. Study Tips for Retaking AP Exams Here are a couple of significant hints to remember as you get ready to retake an AP test. To be fruitful in improving your score, you'll have to evaluate your shortcomings basically and concentrate deliberately. #1: Understand Where You Went Wrong Last Time Your essential objective is to abstain from rehashing the errors you made on your first AP test.Think concerning why you did inadequately and what you can do to forestall those entanglements this time.Did you stand by too long to even think about starting considering? Did you take informal practice tests that gave you a ridiculous thought of the test’s substance or trouble level? Did you depend totally on your group to help you through the test and discover your insight lacking?Whatever the case might be, do some reflection to make sense of how you can fix these issues and recover your score a second time around. You should seriously think about mentoring on the off chance that you figure you did inadequately in light of the fact that the subject all in all was not your solid point or your educator didn't work superbly of clarifying the material.You could even solicit one from your friends who excelled on the test to offer you some examining guidance or coach you on ideas you’re experiencing difficulty acing all alone. #2: Get a High-Quality Review Book On the off chance that you’re going to retake an AP test, you won’t be simply wrapping up a time of considering the subject in class. Accordingly, notes and study materials probably won't be as promptly accessible to you, and it will be more diligently to structure your time without an educator and class calendar to control you. You ought to get an audit book that covers all the ideas in the course altogether so you have a simple method to examine content, plan out your time, and do rehearse questions.Think of it as a lighter variant of self-studying.Usually, Barron’s books are a decent choice for additional inside and out studies of AP courses. #3: Start Studying Early One of your issues the first run through around might have been that you wound up holding up until the last moment to study.Cramming is an impractical notion for AP testssince they spread so much data and anticipate that you should address addresses that require elevated level basic reasoning. You won't help yourself by skimming the surface. Begin learning in any event several months prior to you take the test.Ideally, you should survey ideas consistently so your memory remains new and you have the opportunity to address whatever issues you had with the material initially. You ought to likewise step through a lot of training examinations so you can watch your exhibition and ensure you're improving. Be the brisk riser. Get out there and catch your AP worm. Synopsis: Can You Retake AP Exams? You can decide to retake an AP test when it’s offered again the accompanying year.If you truly need school credit or are worried about how a low score will look on your application, you should seriously mull over this alternative. Expecting you retake an AP test and improve score, that score will be the one that tallies toward AP Scholar awards.You can even decide to retain or drop your lower score on the off chance that you don’t need it to appear on your record. Taking an AP test a subsequent time is a costly duty, so you should put forth sure you put some genuine attempt into reading for it.Try to gain from whatever issues you had the first run through around, and abstain from packing or disregarding content territories you don’t very comprehend. What's Next? In a perfect world, you'll get a high score on your test the first run through around. To ensure that occurs, read our five-advance arrangement enumerating the most ideal approach to read for AP tests. Practice tests are too significant while planning for AP tests. Get familiar with where to locate the best AP practice tests to use in your contemplating. It may be hard to take new AP classes on getting ready for a retake. Discover what number of AP classes you should take in secondary school and whether it's justified, despite all the trouble to stack up your timetable. Need to improve your SAT score by 160 or your ACT score by 4 points?We've composed a guide for each test about the best 5 methodologies you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

Yet Another Blog Entry

Yet Another Blog Entry Back in the sepia-toned pages of my high school years, Personal Finance was one of two classes that the school administrators recognized as a practical art, colloquially known as an Alternative Free Period. (Inexplicably, the other one was Web Design instead of Wikipedia-Related Procrastination Games, although the two were sometimes interchangeable if you could switch windows fast enough. Anyway, enough about my world-class education.) Although I eschewed practical arts completely from the piddly grid of my high school schedule, Ive always suspected that finances are sort of important, especially the personal ones. This semester, I fastidiously scribed every cent of my personal spending into a spreadsheet, which I later rolled out, filled with 24-bit colors, and baked into pie graphs, just like the kind Grandma used to make (where Grandma is a spontaneous euphemism for Microsoft Office 1997). Without further ado, I present a summary of my non-tuition expenses for this semester. Breakdown of Total Personal Expenses: Notice: I spent as much on textbooks this semester as I spent on food*. And textbooks dont even make good sandwiches. *All books were bought used at reduced prices. Food was bought unused, but usually at reduced prices. Since food happens to be one of the protagonists in this blog, heres a slightly ridiculous gloss of how my grocery expenses were distributed: Notice the conspicuous absence of a “Ramen” category. Interestingly, when I look at this in terms of chemical composition, probably 80% of my grocery money this semester was spent on water (contained in fruits, vegetables, soymilk, soup, other liquids, frozen matter, and condiments). Since Fruits and Vegetables was the Soviet Russia of categories in the previous graph, I give you this: . . . where fractal-like vegetable indicates a vegetable with Hausdorff dimension greater than 2.33. Thanks to their high surface-area to volume ratios, fractal vegetables are delightfully prone to soaking up huge amounts of condiments, which happen to occupy about 30% of my fridge/cabinet space. Apples, arguably, are the most plentiful and well-nourished fruits in the Boston Area, thanks to the plenteous peppering of apple orchards across this region. I buy all fruit from grocery stores on Massachusetts Avenue north of MIT instead of at LaVerdes in the Student Center, where the selection is smaller and the prices are higher. (In the previous graph, fractal-like vegetable indicates a vegetable with Hausdorff dimension greater than 2.33. Thanks to their high surface-area to volume ratios, fractal vegetables are delightfully prone to soaking up huge amounts of condiments, which happen to occupy about 30% of my fridge/cabinet space.) Practically all of the food that I paid for last semester was in the form of groceries, purchased biweekly. The remainder came from free food events and my freshman advising seminar, which provided two dinners a week on average in addition to leftovers that could be recycled into one or two meals. Sadly, easily-accessible free food dwindles to a trickle after first semester, so with much grief I anticipate spending lots more on food in the coming months. Also, heres one for the money that went into recreational activities: Contrary to appearances, I only went bowling once during the semester. It just happened to be comparatively expensive. Cumulatively, I spent $757.01 this semester and earned $705.88 from working 4-5 hours per week and taking paid surveys. The following breakdown of my income for this semester borders on the hilarious: Its fairly certain that I earned more from taking surveys than from one of my jobs. I was extraordinarily fortunate last semester to have registered for an advising seminar that paid for tickets to various arts-related events in Boston with free dinners tossed in. If my estimations are even vaguely within range of a ballpark, MITs Office of the Arts spent more than $600 on me this semester, which means that they love me more than most of my relatives do. Naturally, this entry would have ended here with some urbane remarks about the state of the economy, but Ive decided to give you 80% more blog for the same price by throwing in an IAP update. Also, I couldnt think of any urbane remarks about the economy, but I wasnt going to admit it, except I just did anyway. It strains my toleration of absurdity to say the following, but Im more worn-out now than I was for practically all of last semester. The punchline is that I love it. The past week has consisted of waking up at 7 or 8, running across the river in meat-locker temperatures, grappling through the life-changing twists of Mechanics II lectures at 9 in the morning, cramming grocery runs into the cracks in my schedule, sorting chemicals and building (failed) batteries in my UROP lab, kicking and punching a lot of nothingness in Sport Taekwondo class, and reading and rereading and rererereading Vol. 1 of Landaus Course of Theoretical Physics* until midnight. Notice that theres no regret in the previous sentence. *From a literary as well as scientific standpoint, Landaus explanation of physics is straight-up incomparable. The first fourteen pages alone can pummel your paunchy, oversimplified AP Physics textbook into an unrecognizable pulp without breaking a sweat or missing an integral. At the same time, its as clear and succinct and beautiful as a haiku that you wont understand until the fifth time you read it. (Funnily enough, almost half of MIT is still on break. January here is a free-for-all of independent activities: options range from taking up to 12 units of classes and working in a lab to staying at home and playing Guitar Hero for an entire month to doing an externship at a company in another state. Should you choose to return to campus instead of annexing January into your winter break period, youre also free to take as many fun, not-for-credit classes like chocolate tasting or orienteering as you can handle before you explode in recreational bliss.) Through Mechanics II, I was serendipitously reunited with a Physics major friend that I hadnt seen around campus since my stumbling, suitcase-hauling visit as a prefrosh last October. The increased likelihood of rediscovering an old friend is one more reason to take extra physics classes in your spare time. Especially if you end up going to dinner with aforementioned friend and roommates at the deserted-and-mediocre-but-highly-convenient Thai restaurant next to Random. Onto the food snapshots. Katelyn 12 came along and ordered noodles, one of civilizations greatest inventions. My curry was sorely underwhelming in flavor, but the satay was a crisp and dignified representation of the avian species. Afterwards, we strolled down the block to Toscaninis, the contested home of the Best Ice Cream in America, and pontificated about topics of great profundity deep into the heart of the snowy night. I elocuted beautifully about the genius of Tiramisu ice cream, which was at least as mind-blowing as Lagrangian physics. Later that night, the clouds opened their gaping maws and messily slathered Boston with snow. I slept on bean bags in another dorm and didnt return myself to Random Hall until 9 AM the next morning. In short, IAP is great. (Addendum: According to Keri, it is my honorable duty to recount the ferocious, not-really-blood-soaked battle that took place in the courtyard of East Campus on the desolate eve following the Great Snowfall. Denizens of Random Hall, fully armed with boffer swords and plastic lightsabers and a shopping cart filled with hard-packed snowballs, marched up to the walls of East Campus under the cover of darkness and launched an impressive volley of icy projectiles at the windows of the 3rd floor. Aided by the the soul-crushing force of gravity, 3rd East responded by spraying the Random Hall Army with fire extinguishers. Brawling ensued deep into the lonely, impassive night.)

How theories of development and frameworks to support...

CYP Core 31 2.3 How theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice Theories of development and frameworks to support development are incredibly important to us working with children and young people. They help us to understand children, how they react to things/situations, their behaviour and the ways they learn. Different theories and ways of working with children have come together to provide frameworks for children’s care, such as Early year’s foundation stage (EYFS) which is used within all child care settings. This encourages us to work together, help and check the development of babies, children and young people, to keep them healthy and safe. It promotes teaching and learning to†¦show more content†¦Positive reinforcers- Likely to repeat their behaviour when they get something they desire. He suggested this was the most effective way of encouraging new learning. Positive reinforcers for children include gaining adult attention, praise, stickers, sweets and treats. Negative reinforcers- Likely to make people repeat behaviour as well but the behaviour is being repeated to stop something from happening i.e. children who are going down the slide too quickly will learn to use their hands to stop themselves as they are unhappy about the speed. Punishers- Likely to stop behaviour from being repeated i.e. staying away from the plug socket after receiving an electric shock. Albert Bandura – social learning Bandura suggested children learn from watching adults – referred to as ‘Bobo doll experiment’. Three groups of children watched a film of a variation in behaviour in adults towards a doll. Group A – saw the adult behave aggressively towards the doll. Group B – saw the adult behaving aggressively towards the doll and then rewarded by sweets from another adult. Group C – saw the adult being aggressive but then told off by another adult. After the film the children were observed in a playroom with toys and the bobo doll. Group A and B were similar, this telling they was not influenced by the reward but more influenced by the telling off. Afterwards they were all asked to imitate what happened to the doll and they could all copy the adult’s actions. ThereforeShow MoreRelatedExplain How Theories of Development and Frameworks to Support Development Influence Current Practice1145 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different theories of development that help us to understand children’s behaviour, reactions and ways of learning. All equally important as they influence practice. To begin with there is Piaget’s constructivist theories which look at the way in which children seem to be able to make sense of their world as a result of their experiences and how they are active learners. He also suggested that as childre n develop so does their thinking. 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The Shawshank Redemption And Exploring The Espoused Values...

After viewing the film The Shawshank Redemption and exploring the espoused values of the religion inside the prison, and how the leaders proclaimed to stand for certain beliefs but their actions counteracted that, then exposing a system of oppression. I was encouraged to think about groups that display a false sense of kindness but are manipulative in their actions. Gloriavale is a religious community in New Zealand that claims to stand for God and proclaim to be goodness and light. However they in reality, the leaders of the group use their religion to oppress a community of people. These ideas lead me to explore cults. I have always had the perception of cults as being shady, underground groups of people chanting manically and performing†¦show more content†¦This group fits the definition of a cult perfectly, they were a small select group of people with beliefs that were to the rest of the world, outlandish and strange. They also became dangerous after the leader, Marshal l Applewhite, told them that suicide was the only way to ascend to the spaceship awaiting them to take them to heaven. Not all cults are small groups for example the People s Temple more famously known as Jonestown, had just over 900 members. It was â€Å"a religious group based in California which moved to Guyana in the late 1970s to establish a communalistic utopia. This group became very dangerous as it caused the deaths of 918 people. Nine people died attempting to escape Jonestown including U.S. senator Rep. Leo Ryan, the remaining 909 died in Jonestown of either poisoning or were shot.† I personally was very shocked at how many people died and why it wasn’t investigated properly, the government had information that things were not as it seemed. Instead of investigating they sent senator Ryan, I believe that this was a huge mistake and perhaps if the matter was taken more seriously so many lives wouldn’t have been lost. It does also make me question whether this kind of neglect towards potentially dangerous cults is still occurring. There many methods that cults use to indoctrinate new members and to keep them devoted to the cause and

The Background Of Metabolic Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(30) " of MetS vary and are unsure\." Harmonizing to recent worldwide estimations, 1.7 billion people are classified as either corpulence or corpulent, more than 1 billion have high blood pressure, and more than 500 million have either diabetes or the pre-diabetes position, impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) [ Hossain et Al. 2007 ] . We will write a custom essay sample on The Background Of Metabolic Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Metabolic syndrome ( MetS ) A is a complex and multivariate disease thought to be when a figure ofA coincident metabolicA abnormalcies occur in the same person with a frequence higher than it could be expected by opportunity, foremost coined â€Å" syndrome Ten † in 1988 by ( Reaven 1998 ) . The first formal definition of the MetS was put away in 1998 by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The International Diabetes Federation ( IDF ) described a syndrome as â€Å" a recognizable composite of symptoms and physical or biochemical findings for which a direct cause is non understoodaˆÂ ¦the constituents coexist more often than would be expected by opportunity entirely. When causal mechanisms are identified, the syndrome becomes a disease. † MetS is so a composite of complecting hazard factors for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , diabetes and shot. The bunch of hazard factors encompasses dysglycemia ( unnatural glucose degrees ) , raised blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , hyperglycemia, elevated triglyceride degrees, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterin degrees, and cardinal adiposeness tissue degrees ( fleshiness ) . Metabolic syndrome has been assigned its ain ICD-9 diagnostic codification: 277.7, but there is ongoing contention about whether metabolic syndrome is a homogenous upset or disease, and whether it merits acknowledgment as a syndrome ( Huang 2009 ) . MetS has many factors involved ; most surveies agree that the underlying pathology of abnormalcies seems to be related to insulin opposition ( IR ) and fleshiness. The job and confusion comes from the differences in standards for the diagnosing of MetS by the ( WHO, 1998 ) , the European Group for survey on insulin Resistance ( EGIR ) in 1999, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III ( NCEP-ATP III ) in 2001, the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the ( IDF ) 2005. Regardless of which standard is used for diagnosing, all major bureaus agree to an extent that the cardinal factors include fleshiness and waist perimeter ( WC ) , insulin opposition, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure ( Alberti et al 2006 ) Multiple diagnostic standards from several beginnings have given rise to confusion and incompatibilities. Because of the different threshold degrees and how they they are combined to name, there may be fluctuations within in the same population at analysis of informations, taking to skewed hazard schemes and the prioritization of patients and their preventative intervention. One individual may be diagnosed and intervention on the footing of one set of standards, but so be ineligible utilizing another. The purpose of this instance survey is to place and foregrounding the most relevant and up to day of the month facets of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, experimental theoretical accounts, and related clinical and population informations in relation to MetS. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimates that more than 1 billion people are overweight globally, and if the current tendency continues, that figure will increase to 1.5 billion by 20154. It is estimated that over 1.7 billion individuals worldwide are fleshy, more than 300 million of whom are clinically corpulent. This addition is a multifactor with deficiency of exercising, aging, familial sensitivity and hormonal alterations being cited. This addition in fleshiness and fleshy people is associated with the addition in prevalence of Mets and diabetes ( Wild et al 2011 ) . Abdominal fleshiness is linked with the opposition effects of insulin on peripheral glucose and fatty acid metamorphosis, which can consequences in type 2 diabetes mellitus. With fleshiness comes Insulin opposition and that can take to hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycaemia, and increased adipocyte cytokines that contribute to endothelial disfunction, altered lipid profile, high blood pressure, and systemic redness. This procedure of harm can advance the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Therefore Mets has several possible aetiologic classs, upsets of adipose tissue ; insulin opposition ; and the grouping of independent factors of hepatic, vascular, and immunologic beginning involved in different constituents of the MetS. When the single constituents of Mets cluster together and this is associated with both the addition hazard of Diabetes and CVD ( Wild et al 2011 ) With many hazard factors for CVD included within the MetS assorted definition and standard ‘s, the purpose is provide utile early diagnosing of MetS that in bend identifies persons with cardinal fleshiness and cardio-metabolic hazard factors. ( Wild et Al 2011 ) . These persons are at increased hazard of type 2 diabetes, CVD, non-alcoholic fatso liver disease ( NAFLD ) and sleep apnoeas. These hazard factors like abdominal fat degrees can frequently be left untreated as separately they do non justify intercession. Not all fleshy people are at high hazard degrees of vascular disease, type 2 diabetes and NADFL. The Mets definition is aimed at placing the subgroups of these fleshy and corpulent persons that are at a high hazard of the effects of inordinate abdominal fat and Insulin Resistance ( IR ) . As mentioned above, several organisations have established their ain diagnostic standards for MetS, NCEP ATP III, AHA/ NHLBI, WHO, IDF, EGIR, and ACE. With In there diagnostic standards of the MetS, different combinations of predating pathological factors are required, including: Iridium, dysglycemia, low HDL-C, hypertriglyceridemia, fleshiness or increased waist perimeter, high blood pressure, impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) or DM, microalbuminuria and hyperinsulinemia. ( See Table 1 ) . The prevalence of the MetS is increasing throughout the universe ( who ) the many different estimations are nevertheless dependent on the definition used and the topic ( e.g. , sex, age, race, and ethnicity ) . The WHO and NCEP: ATPIII definitions are similar for fleshiness, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. The inclusion of requirements, IR, IGT, and type 2 diabetes of the WHO definition are more tapered. The estimations reached by the assorted definitions in a individual population are frequently really similar across surveies ; the rates are variable in subpopulations with MetS and besides between cultural groups. Therefore the planetary prevalence estimations of MetS vary and are unsure. You read "The Background Of Metabolic Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Statistically, the incidence of metabolic syndrome is reported from assorted beginnings over the decennary is variable between the populations. It was estimated that 20-30 % European population is affected ( Vosatkova et al 2012 ) . The consequences of a wide-spread epidemiological survey carried out among the US population show metabolic syndrome prevalence of 23.9 % as defined by the standards of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and 25.1 % harmonizing to WHO standards ( Ford and Giles, 2003 ) . Most surveies used the NCEP-ATP III definition and showed an elevated prevalence of MS in different parts of the universe. Harmonizing to ( NHANES ) 2003-2006, about 34 % of people studied met the NCEP: ATPIII revised standards for MetS. ( Appendix Table 2 ) A reappraisal of current prevalence tendencies and statistics was carried out in by ( Marjani 2012 ) identified the following planetary incidence and epidemiological findings from assorted equal reviewed beginnings: The undermentioned information is taken from ( Marjani 2012 ) : The prevalence of MetS was found to increase with age with 20 % of males and 16 % of females under 40 old ages of age, 41 % of males and 37 % of females between 40-59 old ages, and 52 % of males and 54 % of females 60 old ages and over by and large. Incidence of metabolic syndrome additions as age progresses. In a survey in Turkey, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 15.3 % , 23.1 % , 28.0 % , 26.0 % , and 20.5 % among people aged from 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, 70 to 79 and a†°? 80 old ages old, severally. Study of Ford showed that the prevalence in the US was16.5 % and 46.4 % for males aged 20 to 60, and 19.1 % to 56.0 % , for females with additions in MetS prevalence with increased age [ 19 ] . World Health organisation predicts the prevalence of fleshiness to be 4.8 % in developed states, 17.1 % in developing and 20 % in less developed. Cardiovascular disease is one of the chief grounds of decease among adult females in the universe. .women aged more than 55 have a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease than younger adult females. In several surveies, the incidences of metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal adult females were found to be increased in the universe. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome ( utilizing the WHO definition ) in Ireland was 21 % . The prevalence was higher in males ( 24.6 % ) than in females ( 17.8 % ) . The Botnia survey † ( utilizing the WHO definition ) found the prevalence in Finland was 84 % and 78 % in male and female topics with type-2 diabetes, severally. In the United States, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 21.8 % utilizing the ATP III definition. Mexican Americans had the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome ( 31.9 % ) . The prevalence was similar for male ( 24.0 % ) and female ( 23.4 % ) subjects. The prevalence in Isfahan ( Iran ) was 65.0 % with higher rate in females than males ( 71.7 % female and 55.8 % male ) . The prevalence in Karachi ( Pakistan ) was 79.7 % in type 2 diabetics, ( 45.5 % females and 34.3 % males ) . The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetics in Japan was 168 ( 26.37 % ) out of 637 type 2 diabetic patients. The prevalence was higher in males ( 45.9 % ) than females ( 28.0 % ) . A survey done in Korean estimates the overall prevalence was 32.6 % . The prevalence was found to be 46.9 % and 65.1 % among males and females severally. The overall prevalence among Saudis with type 2 diabetes was 22.64 % ( 19.49 % male, 25.17 % female ) . The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients is higher in females ( 53.27 % ) than males ( 48.71 % ) , and that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Gorgan is appreciably higher compared with that in some other states. One of the latest and up to day of the month documents by ( Craig and Turner 2012 ) made a systematic reappraisal of 85 surveies. They found the average prevalence of MetS in whole populations was 3.3 % , in fleshy kids was 11.9 % , and in corpulent populations was 29.2 % . Although prevalence rates are varied throughout the universe it is clear that metabolic syndrome has developed into epidemic degrees and farther research is needed as the mechanisms of MetS are non to the full known ( Cornier et al 2008 ) . As described above, the general hypothesis to depict the pathophysiology of MetS is insulin opposition and abdominal fleshiness ( Cornier et al 2008 ) . Visceral fleshiness is the chief cause of the metabolic syndrome, and is associated with development of high blood pressure in the metabolic syndrome via a assortment of pathwaysA ( Figure1 ) . Metabolic Syndrome and its related upsets Insulin opposition Cardinal fleshiness Glucose intolerance Dyslipidemia with elevated triglycerides Low HDL-cholesterol Microalbuminuria Predominance of little heavy LDL-cholesterol atoms High blood pressure Endothelial disfunction Oxidative emphasis Inflammation Related upsets of polycystic ovarian syndrome, fatty liver disease ( NASH ) , and urarthritis A major subscriber is an surfeit of go arounding fatty acids, released from an expanded abdominal adipose tissue. Free Fatty Acids ( FFA ) cut down insulin sensitiveness in musculus by suppressing insulin-mediated glucose consumption. Increased degree of go arounding glucose additions pancreatic insulin secernment ensuing in hyperinsulinemia. In the liver, FFA increase the production of glucose, triglycerides and secernment of really low denseness lipoproteins ( VLDL ) . The effect is the decrease in glucose transmutation to glycogen and increased lipid accretion in triglyceride ( TG ) . Insulin is an of import antilipolytic endocrine. In the instance of insulin opposition, the increased sum of lipolysis of stored triacylglycerol molecules in adipose tissue produces more fatty acids, which could farther suppress the antilipolytic consequence of insulin, making extra lipolysis and more FFA. This build up of FFA from increased the volume of adipocytes lead to IR through the look of assorted proinflammatory cytokines. These cytokines, tumour mortification factor ( TNF ) -I ± , interleukin ( IL ) -1 and IL-6 are increased in adipose tissue but the production of anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin is reduced, this look is linked to systemic redness. The instability of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines, induces insulin opposition by impairing the insulin signalling procedure. ( acquire ref ) . This addition in cytokines promote lipolysis and increase Free fatty acids ( FFAs ) so causes endothelial disfunction and increased coronary artery disease hazard ( Wieser et al 2013 ) See ( Appendix Figure 2 ) Inflammatory cytokines have been reported in the development of high blood pressure. ( Grundy 2003 ) suggests a important association among redness, high blood pressure, and the metabolic syndrome. TNF-I ± stimulates the production of endothelin-1 and angiotensinogen. interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) is a multifunctional cytokine which mediates inflammatory responses and stimulates the cardinal nervous system and sympathetic nervous system. This mediates an addition in plasma angiotensinogen and angiotonin II, and hence high blood pressure. ( Sarafidis and Bakris 2007 ) show that IR increases leptin and NEFA degrees thereby augmenting sympathetic nervous activation. The survey besides showed NEFA to raise blood force per unit area, bosom rate, and I ±1-adrenoceptor vasoreactivity, while cut downing baroreflex sensitiveness, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, and vascular conformity. Insulin has anti-natriuretic and stimulates nephritic Na re-absorption. Insulin opposition and the ensuing hyperinsulinemia induce blood force per unit area lift by the activation of sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS ) causes sodium keeping and volume enlargement, endothelial disfunction and change in nephritic map. The subsequent hyperinsulinemia promotes the addition in sodium soaking up by the kidneys, which can impair force per unit area natriuresis, thereby doing high blood pressure in salt-sensitive persons. Hyperinsulinemia increases the sympathetic activity, taking to arterial high blood pressure. 1475-2891-7-10-1 ( 1 ) .jpg ( Figure 2 ) IR proposed tracts. YanaiA et al.A Nutrition JournalA 2008A 7:10 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-10 Insulin opposition is characterized by pathway-specific damage in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signalling. In the endothelium, this may do an instability between the production of azotic oxide and secernment of endothelin-1, taking to decreased blood flow. The accretion of splanchnic fat elevates the activity in the renin-angiotensin system, due to an increased production of angiotensinogen, which accordingly favours arterial high blood pressure. FFAs contribute to endothelial disfunction by a combination of lessened PI3K-Akt signalling, increased oxidative emphasis. And increased ET-1 production. Insulin opposition and splanchnic fleshiness are associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia ( Semenkovich, 2006 ) . Atherogenic dyslipidemia can develop from increased ( FFAs ) . They are known to assist the production of the lipoprotein ( apoB ) within ( VLDL ) atoms, ensuing in more VLDL production. Insulin usually breaks down apoB through PI3K-dependent tracts, therefore insulin opposition additions VLDL production. Hypertriglyceridemia in insulin opposition is the consequence of both an addition in VLDL production and a lessening in VLDL clearance. VLDL is metabolized to remnant lipoproteins and little dense LDL, both of which can advance atheroma formation. Insulin opposition besides causes endothelial disfunction by diminishing Akt kinase activity, ensuing in lessened eNOS phosphorylation and activity. Phosphorylation of eNOS is required for the hemodynamic actions of insulin, this consequences in lessened blood flow to skeletal musculus and endothelial disfunction that so worsens insulin opposition. The metabolic consequences of drawn-out insulin opposition produce Glucose intolerance. AS mentioned earlier, glucose consumption in adipocytes and skeletal musculus cells is decreased and can no longer be absorbed by the cells but remains in the blood, but hepatic glucose production is increased. Therefore an overrun insulin by beta cells to keep plasma glucose homeostasis. Once the pancreas is no longer able to bring forth adequate insulin to get the better of the insulin opposition, impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) develops. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, IGT is a pre diabetic status in which serum glucose concentrations range between 140 and 200A mg/dL 2 H after a 75A g glucose burden ( WHO ) Persons with IGT have extended loss of first stage insulin secernment and a decreased 2nd stage, and persons with type 2 diabetes have small first stage insulin release at all. ( Mackie and Zafari 2006 ) Postprandial hyperglycaemia appears to bring forth oxidative emphasis, addition protein glycation, addition hypercoagulability, and damage endothelial cells, all of which promote coronary artery disease. Hyperglycemia is a well-known hazard factor for micro and macrovascular disease ( HutchesonA andA Rocic 2012 ) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality via means an increased hazard of CVD and type 2 diabetes among others. Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased oxidative emphasis. Recent documents suggest that some of the implicit in pathologies contribute more entire oxidative emphasis than others ( HutchesonA andA Rocic 2012 ) ( huge grounds to see, more research needed ) Adipose tissue has been shown to lend to the production of reactive O species and proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-I ± , IL-6, and IL-18. Previous surveies showing that fleshiness and MetS are independently associated with increased oxidative emphasis and inflammatory load. The presence of MetS exacerbates oxidative and inflammatory emphasis in corpulent grownups with higher systemic markers of oxidative emphasis and low-grade chronic redness in corpulent grownups with MetS compared with corpulent grownups free of MetS ( Guilder 2006 ) . Cross-sectional informations from 2,002 non-diabetic topics of the community-based Framingham Offspring Study has shown that systemic oxidative emphasis is associated with insulin opposition ( Meigs 2007 ) . There are besides negative effects of inordinate and deficient slumber on metabolic syndrome prevalence are described in ( Vosatkova et al 2012 ) . Despite a familial background of the upset, its outgrowth and development are strongly influenced by life manner. Therefore, intervention metabolic syndromeA by and large focuses onA diet and exercising. regularA physical activityA and a diet with aA restricted Calories intake, that is high inA whole grains, A monounsaturated fatsA and works nutrients ( such as theA Mediterranean diet ( Kastorini 2011 ) . The medical direction of metabolic syndrome includes CVD hazard, Blood force per unit area control WITH ( angiotension-converting enzyme ( ACE ) A inhibitors AND ORA angiotension receptor blockersA ( ARBs ) , drug therapy for Cholesterol withA lipid-lowering medicines ) , preventive Diabetes intervention and Exercise rehabilitation plans to help loss and mobility, In decision prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing steadily across assorted populations increasing hazards CVD and Diabetes related co-morbidities. Metabolic syndrome includes insulin opposition, splanchnic adiposeness, atherogenic dyslipidemia and endothelial disfunction and their ain related effects. The pathophysiological mechanisms of Mets are all interconnected. With changing planetary statistics and multiple universe definitions and standards a comprehensive cosmopolitan definition of the metabolic syndrome is needed for elucidation. The NCEP ATP III definition uses straightforward standards that are measured readily AND easiest to use clinically and epidemiologically. Metabolic syndrome and its different definitions do place the pathophysiological mechanisms that underline the procedure Insulin opposition and cardinal fleshiness are clearly cardinal constituents of the disease as they both cause glucose intolerance and dysplycemia. Metabolic syndrome is complex and there is new research on traveling. The best signifier of bar seem to be an easy hole for most MetS persons, lifestyle alterations and weightless. How to cite The Background Of Metabolic Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

What makes Odysseus a Hero Essays - Odyssey, Ancient Greek Religion

What makes Odysseus a Hero What makes a hero? The epic The Odyssey tells the story of a hero named Odysseus. Odysseus is the king of Ithica, Greece. There are many ways to identify heroes, superheros, tragic heroes, and epic heroes. Odysseus was an epic hero, defined by qualities through the epic. One of the characteristics of an epic hero is to have courage. Odysseus clearly shows this when he was in the Cyclopes cave. The way he reacted when faced with danger, was relaxed and calm, Odysseus was ready to fight. He came up with a smart scheme and escaped the Cyclops. Bravery is a quality of a hero because without courage, man cannot complete the journey of being a hero. Along with being brave, an epic hero must have physical strength. Odysseus shows his strength when he throws a discus. At the Olympics many men were competing and they asked him to join. Knowing his strength he humbly said no, but he was bullied a bit, and threw the discus. The discus went tremendously far, and no one challenged him anymore. Strength is required to defeat humans and to overthrow monsters. Scylla is a monster with 12 legs, six heads, and three rows of teeth, with an urge to eat humans. Charybdis is a monster that drinks the ocean and also swallows boats in the process to get back home to Ithica Odysseus and his crew must pass by these two monsters. In the process, Scylla kills six of his men and the rest of the crew makes it out alive. This is vital to the formation of Odysseus as a hero because to be a hero man must battle demons or monsters. Monsters are an important part of Greek mythology so the specification of battling against a monster is seen as a vital part of being an epic hero. While Scylla and Charybdis were seen as vicious monsters, many forget about the murderous nymphs The Sirens. These were sea nymphs that would use their beautiful singing to lure in men, and then kill them. Odysseus was told to but bees wax in the ears of himself and the crew. Instead, Odysseus took an unnecessary risk and listened to them. He did this because he wanted to be the only man to hear them and live, showing how he accepts challenges and invites problems, and takes unnecessary risks. To be an epic hero Odysseus had to descend into the underworld. There Odysseus gets advice on how to complete his journey. While in the underworld he meets one of his dead crewmen. The crewman speaks of how he was not buried and tells Odysseus to give him a proper burial. When Odysseus leaves the underworld, he does go back and bury the man. This shows his value of honor he respected what he was told and did the morally right task. While Odysseus was a man of most his morals, he did not do the right things at times. One of the characteristics of an epic hero is encounter women who tempt him. Odysseus was tempted by calypso but did not choose to be adulterous, but calypso forced him against his will. Calypso was later punished her actions, but she was angry because of a double standard for gods and goddess. Odysseus met Circe was tempted, and stayed with her for a year. A hero is a man of great strength and contains physical appeal, so the idea of women trying to seduce him, would prove as a common happening. Some women helped Odysseus in a beneficial way. Athena, the goddess, proved as a source of advice, and protection, through Odysseus journey. One of the ways she helped Odysseus was when he was trapped with Calypso. Athena urges her father to help Odysseus out, and Zeus sends Hermes to Calypso to release Odysseus so he can return home. Athena often makes Odysseus appear younger, stronger, and more attractive for many reasons. When he was put in a situation with fighting between men, appearing stronger and younger would provide a sense of fear, which would help Odysseus win. Also when Odysseus arrives home Athena makes him appear as an old man, a beggar. This lets him

A Chronology of the Stone Age

A Chronology of the Stone Age The Stone Age in human prehistory also referred to as the Paleolithic Period, is the period between about 2.7 million and 10,000 years ago. Youll see different dates for the starting and ending dates of the Paleolithic periods, in part because were still learning about these ancient occurrences. The Paleolithic is the time when our species Homo sapiens,  developed into the human beings of today. The people who study the past of humans are called archaeologists. Archaeologists study the recent past of our planet and the evolution of physical human beings and their behaviors. Those archaeologists who study the very earliest human beings specialize in the Paleolithic; scientists who study the periods prior to the Paleolithic are paleontologists. The Paleolithic period begins in Africa with the earliest human-like behaviors of crude stone tool manufacture about 2.7 million years ago  and ends with the development of fully modern human hunting and gathering societies. Domestication of plants and animals marks the beginning of modern human society. Leaving Africa After decades of debate, the majority of scientists are now convinced that our earliest human ancestors evolved in Africa. In Europe, where humans finally arrived after about a million years in Africa, the Paleolithic was marked by a cycle of glacial and interglacial periods, during which time glaciers grew and shrank, covering massive portions of land and forcing a cycle of human depopulation and recolonization. Today scholars divide the Paleolithic into three categories, called Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, and Upper Paleolithic in Europe and Asia; and Early Stone Age, Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age in Africa. Lower Paleolithic (or Early Stone Age) about 2.7 million-300,000 years ago In Africa, where the earliest humans arose, the Early Stone Age begins some 2.7 million years ago, with the earliest stone tools recognized to date in the Olduvai Gorge of East Africa. These tools were simple fist-sized cores and whole flakes created by two ancient hominids (human ancestors), Paranthropus boisei and Homo habilis. The earliest hominids left Africa about 1.7 million years ago, arriving at sites such as Dmanisi in Georgia, where hominids (probably Homo erectus)  made stone tools suggestive of those from Africa. Human ancestors, as a group, are called  hominids. The species that evolved in the Lower Paleolithic include  Australopithecus,   Homo habilis,   Homo erectus,   and  Homo ergaster, among others.   Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age (about 300,000-45,000 Years Ago) The Middle Paleolithic period (ca 300,000 to 45,000 years ago) witnessed the evolution of Neanderthals and the first anatomically and eventually behaviorally modern Homo sapiens. All of the living members of our species, Homo sapiens, are descended from a single population in Africa. During the Middle Paleolithic, H. sapiens first left from northern Africa to colonize the Levant between about 100,000-90,000 years ago, but those colonies failed. The earliest successful and permanent Homo sapiens occupations outside of Africa date to about 60,000 years ago. Achieving what scholars call behavioral modernity was a long, slow process, but some of the first glimmers arose in the Middle Paleolithic, such as the development of sophisticated stone tools, caring for the elderly, hunting and gathering, and some amount of symbolic or ritual behavior. Upper Paleolithic (Late Stone Age) 45,000-10,000 Years Ago By the Upper Paleolithic (45,000-10,000 years ago), the Neanderthals were in decline, and by 30,000 years ago, they were gone. Modern humans spread all over the planet, reaching the Sahul (Australia) about 50,000 years ago, mainland Asia about 28,000 years ago, and finally the Americas, about 16,000 years ago. The Upper Paleolithic is characterized by fully modern behaviors such as cave art, hunting a range of techniques including bows and arrows, and making a wide range of tools in stone, bone, ivory, and antler. Sources: Bar-Yosef O. 2008. ASIA, WEST - Palaeolithic Cultures. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 865-875. Close AE, and Minichillo T. 2007. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS - Global Expansion 300,000-8000 years ago, Africa. In: Elias SA, editor. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Oxford: Elsevier. p 99-107. Harris JWK, Braun DR, and Pante M. 2007. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS - 2.7 MYR-300,000 years ago in Africa In: Elias SA, editor. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Oxford: Elsevier. p 63-72. Marciniak A. 2008. EUROPE, CENTRAL AND EASTERN. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1199-1210. McNabb J. 2007. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS - 1.9 MYR-300,000 years ago in Europe In: Elias SA, editor. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Oxford: Elsevier. p 89-98. Petraglia MD, and Dennell R. 2007. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS - Global Expansion 300,000-8000 years ago, Asia In: Elias SA, editor. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Oxford: Elsevier. p 107-118. Shen C. 2008. ASIA, EAST - China, Paleolithic Cultures. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 570-597.

How to Install Ruby on the Linux Operating System

How to Install Ruby on the Linux Operating System Ruby is installed on most Linux distributions by default. However, you can follow the steps below to determine if Ruby is installed and, if not,  install the Ruby interpreter on your Linux computer. How to Install Ruby on Linux For an Ubuntu-based distribution, follow the following procedure to verify whether you have Ruby installed, and if not, to install it. Open a terminal window. One way open the terminal window (sometimes called a shell or bash shell) is to select Applications Accessories Terminal.Run the command which ruby.  If you see a path such as /usr/bin/ruby, Ruby is installed. If you dont see any response or get an error message, Ruby is not installed.To verify that you have a current version of Ruby, run the command ruby -v.Compare the version number returned with the version number on the Ruby download page.These numbers dont have to be exact, but if you are running a version thats too old, some of the features may not work correctly.Install appropriate Ruby packages.  This process differs between distributions, but on Ubuntu run the following command:sudo apt-get install ruby-full Verify That Ruby Works Correctly Open a text editor and save the following as test.rb. #!/usr/bin/env ruby puts Hello world! In the terminal window, change directory to the directory where you saved test.rb.  Run the command chmod x test.rb, then run the command ./test.rb. You should see the message Hello world! displayed if Ruby is installed correctly. Tips: Every distribution is different. Refer to your distributions documentation and community forums for help installing Ruby on distributions other than Ubuntu or its variants.For distributions other than Ubuntu, if your distribution doesnt provide a tool like apt-get then you can use a site such as RPMFind to find Ruby packages. Look for the irb, ri and rdoc packages as well, but depending on how the RPM package was built, it may already include these programs.

Underground transportation in NYC in the 20th century Essay

Underground transportation in NYC in the 20th century - Essay Example New York has the second-oldest subway system in the United States (after Boston). It ties together five boroughs in a way that allows the residents of one of the largest metropolitan areas of the world to claim that they live in the same city.The subway is more than just a means of transportation. It has been an object of warring city planners, of graft and corruption, and of scandals which have generated hundreds of pages in the local newspapers. It serves as a part of New Yorkers' daily lives, as a place for some to sleep, and for others to practice their trade as beggars and buskers.This paper is about the subway system in New York during the 20th century. The story begins in 1868. Alfred E. Beach asked the New York State Legislature for permission to build a network of pneumatic tubes under the City of New York in which he could move mail. His real plan was to build a pneumatic subway-moving people the way pneumatic tubes in Paris and London moved paper (Tannenbaum 1995). His pla ns never got past the digging of a test hole-only 14 feet long. He also dug a 312 foot pneumatic tube under Broadway, which showed that an underground system could be completed, but he never continued with the invention.The actual New York Subway system opened first in 1904, four years after the groundbreaking ceremonies. Mayor Robert van Wyck shoveled the first clump of dirt into his top-hat, to take home (NYT 1900). The line was financed by the city, but was originally operated by private companies. The first line, called the "IRT Ninth Avenue Line," continues with that name to this day. The IRT, which stands for "Interborough Rapid Transit," was one of two lines which were privately run, the other being the BRT, or Brooklyn Rapid Transit. IRT was the first of these private operating consortia, but there were several others. The name "IRT" survives to this day, which described the original line for which the concession was granted. Although the names have been changed to letters, numbers and colors, such as the "red number 2," locals still refer to the "IRT," or the "Bayshore Line," which makes it difficult for non-New Yorkers to understand what they are talking about. Although the IRT Ninth Avenue Line was the first "sub"way, 40% of today's subway lines are actually above ground. The oldest part of the subway system is the Lexington Avenue Line, which is part of the BMT Jamaica Line in Brooklyn. This line was opened in 1885. Figure 1: Map of the IRT, Circa 1906 The Subway was not the first public transport in New York by any means. It was preceded by the "elevated lines," which had opened 35 years earlier. Early 20th Century: The Expansion of Urban Transit The 9th-Avenue Line was a tremendous success, and was followed by municipal expansion projects. The City wanted to unite the five boroughs through public transportation. The City fathers looked upon the subway as a way to spread out the population and allow for greater growth (Fischer 1998). There was a debate about whether the city's growth could be better assured by elevated railroad lines rather than the more-expensive underground tracks. As the City was growing at a tremendous rate, and land values were climbing, those arguing for more elevated lines lost the argument (NYCSubway.org 2005

The Quality of Service Provided by the Accounting Department Essay

The Quality of Service Provided by the Accounting Department - Essay Example The idea that non-managerial employees should not be involved in the interviews and instead limit the interview to the list of managers whom he or she perceived to be useful to the interview is inimical to the research because the exact identification of respondents is tantamount to pre-selecting the subjects that would represent the population. It is important to point out that the internal customers of the accounting department that perceives them include all employees in the company and that includes both the rank and file and managers. Limiting the samples that are supposed to represent the entire organization in the study among managers would make the study anecdotal in evidence because the small sample does not represent the entire organization. Hoeken and Hustinx stressed that anecdotal evidence is never superior to statistical evidence in any study. Statistical evidence is also far more persuasive than cherry picking the samples (Hoeken and Hustinx, 2008). In addition, the pr ofessor would also like to be present during the interviews of the members of the accounting department under the pretext that this will be an ideal opportunity to understand the operations of that department. The intent to study the operations of the accounting department is a terrific initiative given the issue that besets the accounting department. It is not however advisable in the context of a study because studying its operation by a third party is not part of the objective of the research and therefore does not contribute to the purpose of the study. I would beg the professor for us to discuss our methodology first that would allow me an opportunity to air my concern about his presence during the interview and to air my disagreement about the inadequacy of the focus group discussion that will be limited among pre-selected managers. I would suggest that he can instead have the transcript of the interview and to include rank and file staff in the focus group discussion where th e selection is random. I will also include a survey to have a wider sampling since the population of study is too large (the whole company) to be represented by a mere focus group discussion. 2. What are the likely outcomes if the research goes ahead as suggested by your professor? Having anecdotal evidences as primary data will result to an invalid study because it cannot answer the intent of the research which is to determine the extent of the match of perceptions between accounting department and internal customers. It only has the perceptions of the managers as input which does not compose the entire internal customers of the company. In addition, the professor’s insistence to be present during interview of the staff of the accounting department may also have distorted the outcome of the study due to the Hawthorne Effect. Hawthorne Effect is â€Å"the tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied...’ (Davis & Shackleton, p. 55 cit ed in Chiesa and Hobbs, 2008 pg. 69)†. There is a chance that the presence of the professor may influence the answer of the staff of accounting department during the interview that could distort the outcome of the interview. 3. Negative impact on people can occur in research. What is the prospect of this kind of consequential impact on participants in this case? Participants may be tagged as trouble makers

Drinking And Dining Philosophers Philosophy Essay

Drinking And Dining Philosophers Philosophy Essay The Dining Philosophers and Drinking Philosophers resolution problems are of very famous and of practical importance in Distributed systems to resolve conflicts between processes. It illustrates the problem of having multiple processes contending for multiple shared resources in the same time. However, the conflict resolution between processes usually happens in favor of some process against the other (victim process). Some solutions allow the processes to enter a deadlock situation and then recover from it by choosing that victim process. In this case, it is very important to make sure that the victim process selection is not always the same to ensure some sort of fairness in the system and prevent starvation from occurring. Other solutions dont allow the system to enter a deadlock situation from the beginning and so prevent the crash from happening at the first place. In this survey paper, we will discuss some of the different proposed solutions to that very famous problem and try to compare between them and find the advantages, disadvantages, and most suitable applications for each one. Introduction: Figure1. Dining Philosophers Problem The dining philosophers problem is a very old problem in concurrent computation. It can be described as having five philosophers sitting at a circular table doing one of two things: either eating or thinking. They sit at the circular table with a bowl of spaghetti in front of each philosopher. A fork is placed between each philosopher and his neighbor. A philosopher must eat with two forks. A philosopher can only use the forks next to him. The philosophers here represent processes in a distributed system. The philosophers never interact or talk to each other (there is no communication between the processes), which brings high possibility of deadlock situation when every philosopher holds a one fork and waits for the other one which is already held by his neighboring philosopher. A deadlock situation means having a set of processes each of which is waiting for one or more resources in order to continue its execution. However, one or more required resources are held by another process in the set forming a cycle in the wait-for graph (a graph connects the set of processes each of which pointing to the process currently holding the required resource). The problem is used to illustrate having a deadlock situation in a distributed system. It reaches a deadlock situation if it reaches a cycle of requests that were not granted. In this case, 1st philosopher is waiting for a fork held by 2nd philosopher, while 2nd one is waiting for a fork held by the 3rd one and so on, making a circular chain of non-granted requests to resources. Starvation is another issue that may occur and should be taken care of when resolving the conflicts between philosophers after reaching a deadlock situation. Starvation in general means to have a specific process utilizing some resource all the time without giving the chance to other processes to use that resource. In this case, the other processes are starving. In dining philosophers problem, this happens by selecting a victim philosopher and suspending him for a small amount of time and then let him try to grab the fork again. Starvation occurs if the same philosopher is always chosen as the victim. This depends on the mechanism used to resolve the conflict and recover from the deadlock situation. Drinking Philosophers Problem is very similar to the Dining philosophers problem with some differentiations. It is assumed that a number of philosophers are sitting next to each other (imagine the same round table as the dining philosophers problem). There is a bottle between each pair of neighboring philosophers. Each philosopher can start drinking at any time (concurrent execution of processes). However, when a drinking session is about to start for a philosopher, he needs a set of bottles. This means that he may need one of the two bottles next to him (on the left or on the right) or he may need both. If he needs both bottles to drink, he cannot start drinking until he grabs both bottles (resources). A solution is needed to this problem to coordinate the requests raised by each philosopher without preventing some special cases from occurring. For example, it may happen that all the philosophers want to drink at the same time and they all ask for the bottle on their left hand side. This is a valid case which should not be prevented by the solution algorithm because this prevents the processes from executing concurrently. There have been a lot of solutions proposed to the dining philosophers problem. One of them is the Waiter solution. It is a simple solution that introduces a waiter at the table. A philosopher who is willing to grab a fork will have to ask for the waiters permission. The waiter acts as the coordinator process since he knows the status of all the philosophers (processes) and the forks (resources) and can decide which request to grant and which request to refuse if it going to allow a deadlock to occur. Another solution is the Resource Hierarchy solution. It works by numbering the resources (forks) from 1 to 5. Each philosopher can start eating by requesting the lower-numbered fork before the higher-numbered one. If granted, he can continue to ask for the higher-numbered fork. When freeing the resources (forks), he will have to free the higher-numbered fork before the lower-numbered one allowing another philosopher who has already grabbed his lower-numbered fork to grab his higher-numbered fork and start eating. One very famous solution to that problem is to not let the philosopher eat unless his two neighboring philosophers are not eating. This is done by letting the philosopher check his right neighbor, if he is not eating, he goes and check his left neighbor, if he is not eating also, then he can start eating by grabbing the two forks. However, it is not that simple because his right neighbor could start eating while he is checking his left neighbor. This is done by using Mutual Exclusion locks (Monitors). Mutual Exclusion algorithms are used in distributed systems to prevent simultaneous use of common resources by using critical sections which are pieces of code that allow the process to access that shared resource without being interrupted by any other process or an event generated by the executing process itself. Monitors are used on the functions that change the Philosophers states so it guarantees that the state of the philosopher wont change while checking the state of the second on e. This solution is very similar to the solution which states that if the philosopher have been able to grab his right fork but could not grab his left fork, he should release the right fork since grabbing it without the left fork has no benefit. In fact, it affects the philosophers right neighbor since he cannot eat because his left fork is grabbed already (without any benefit) while his right fork can be free. In order for this solution to be useful, it is needed to assure that none of the philosophers are starving. This can be done by maintaining a counter for the maximum number of times that a philosopher has been prevented from eating so that a philosopher can be prevented from picking up a fork because his neighbor is starving. In this paper, we will go through different papers that propose different solutions with different characteristics for each one. The first solution was proposed by Chandy and Misra long time ago to let an arbitrary number of agents (philosophers) to be able to contend to an arbitrary number of resources (forks) using a completely distributed starvation-free algorithm. The second one solves the dining philosophers problem in the presence of malicious failures using a combination of stabilization and optimal crash failure locality. The third one solves the dining philosophers problem in the presence of faulty processes in the system with a crash locality 1 using partial synchrony. Chandy / Misra Solution: This solution was proposed in 1984 to support arbitrary number of processes (philosophers) to contend to arbitrary number of resources (forks); not necessarily two forks. The algorithm is totally distributed and requires no central authority after initialization like the solutions mentioned in the introduction part of this paper. Each fork has two states, dirty or clean. Initially, all forks are dirty. Whenever two philosophers try to contend for a fork, give it to the agency with the lower ID with a dirty state at the beginning. Whenever a philosopher wants a resource that is held by another one, he should send request messages to all the philosophers having the resources he needs. When a philosopher gets a request message from a contending one, he should give the fork to him if it is dirty, and keep the fork with him in case it is clean. Whenever a philosopher gives away a fork, he changes its state to be clean and frees the resource. When a philosopher uses a clean fork for eating, it becomes dirty. This solution has other benefits as well. It allows high degree of concurrency and can be used to solve large problems since there is no constraint on the number of processes or resources contended by them in the algorithm. The algorithm also solves the starvation problem by using the clean / dirty states for forks. It acts as a preference to give the fork to the most starved philosopher and delays the philosophers who have just eaten and are requesting the fork again. This algorithm is also called the Hygienic Dining Philosophers algorithm. It is considered one of the fundamental solutions to the dining philosophers problem. It is used as a basis for many other papers and researches to develop more resolution algorithms for the dining and drinking philosophers problem. Dining Philosophers that Tolerate Malicious Crashes: A Malicious Crash is a fault in a process due to a component or environmental failure that will lead to arbitrary behavior in that process by doing a finite number of arbitrary steps and then end all its operations without informing or alerting other processes in the system. The paper models malicious crashes by combining two types of failures, Halting Failures and Transient Failures. A Halting failure occurs when the failed process does not do anything due to the failure. A special case of this failure is the initially dead process where the failed process does not do anything throughout the whole operation of the system. A transient failure perturbs the system for a finite amount of time and then leaves the system in some arbitrary state. Stabilization algorithms are used to solve this type of failures since Stabilizing algorithms are able to start from any arbitrary incorrect state of the system, brings the system to a logically correct state, and makes it continue correct operati on thereafter. a non-malicious crash is called benign crash in this paper. It is assumed in the paper that the system could be asynchronous and though it is stated in other papers that the minimum crash locality that can be achieved in case of crashes in a dining philosophers system is 2 (the distance between the farthest process affected by the crashed process and the crashed process in 2). It is also mentioned that it is very difficult to identify a crashed process from a slow one in an asynchronous system. It is known only if the failure is a fail-stop (a type of Halting Failure where other processes know when that process failed). The algorithm works by introducing a priority between each pair of processes in the dining philosophers system. This is done by assigning a direction for the link between each pair of philosophers. This direction identifies the direct ancestors and descendants of each process in the system. The directed links are assigned in such a way that prevents having cycles in the graph (the graph is acyclic). A hungry process will eat only if its direct ancestors are not hungry (maintaining priorities in the progress condition of the algorithm). Also, when a hungry process is done eating, it changes its priority to become the descendant of all its neighbors by changing the directions of the links. A deadlock is not possible to occur in this case since the algorithm would make sure that the directed links do not form a cycle in the dependency graph. Having a dependency graph may violate the liveness property if having long chains of waiting processes and one of the waiting processes crashes. The liveness property can be violated also if the dependency graph contained a cycle at any point of time. To break the cycle, each process knows about the distance between itself and its farthest descendant. If at any point in time, and in any process, that value exceeded the diameter of the system (the number of processes in the system), then this process detects a cycle and will make itself the descendant of all its neighbors to break that cycle. It is assumed that the diameter of the system is known to all processes when the system starts its operation. Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1: Crash Locality is a quantity that refers to the maximum number of neighboring processes affected by a failure that occurred in the crashing process. Optimal crash locality would be 0 (no neighboring processes affected at all) in fully synchronized systems. It usually degrades to crash locality 2 when dealing with asynchronous systems. This algorithm proposes a solution with crash locality 1 (only one neighbor is affected by a process crash) using partial synchrony in the system. Partial synchrony is a mid-level of synchrony between full synchrony and asynchrony. Full synchrony means having all the processes executing the same line of code in the same time. Asynchrony means having no connection or relation of any type between the processes while execution. Partial synchrony means to have reliable channels between the processes without the guarantee of the exact concurrent execution for all the processes. The algorithm reaches its result at the end by having all the hungry processes in the system either eating or having a crashed process in its 1-neighborhood (the processes that are direct neighbor to that process). This is achieved by using the eventually perfect failure detector -P. The failure detector would act as a distributed module where each process has access only to its own local module where it can identify if it has crashed or not. On the other hand, the detector modules communicate with each other to let each process know about the processes which have crashes. The detector may make mistakes. It can suspect a correct process to have crashes (false-positive) or not suspect a crashing process (false-negative). However, after some point, the detector will converge (said to be well-founded) and provide correct information about crashes in the system. After convergence, the detector will remain well-founded thereafter. The algorithm works using the Skepticism concept. This means that the processes within the 1-neighborhood of the crashing process would be skipped (the process is called skeptical). Also, a skeptical process should not prevent its neighbor from eating if this neighbor is hungry and is not the crashing process. In other words, if we have a crashing process, its direct neighbors would be skeptical but the direct neighbors of its direct neighbors should not be affected by the processs crash by this algorithm since our main objective is to limit the crash locality to exactly 1 (only the direct neighbors of the crashing process would be affected by the crash). The algorithm is not a fixed simple list of steps to be executed. It defines a general method for limiting the crash locality to 1 by introducing a set of steps that would depend on the dining algorithm being transformed to support the crash locality condition. However, it uses the same general concept among all the algorithms. The algorithm assumes that each philosopher is in the state of eating, hungry, or thinking. Also, a philosopher wont be eating unless he becomes hungry first. Another thing is that the transition to the thinking state occurs only from the eating state. On the other hand, a philosopher wont prevent his neighbors from eating if he was in the thinking state. This means that if there is a crashing process, and its direct neighbors are being affected by that crash, implementing and insuring that those direct neighbors are in the thinking state wont prevent the other philosophers from eating and so the dining philosophers algorithm will continue its normal execution with only 1-neighborhood philosophers of the crashing philosopher affected by that crash. Comparison: Any dining philosopher solution should maintain the following 2 conditions: Safety: No neighboring philosophers could eat in the same time. No deadlock situation should occur between the philosophers. Liveness: every hungry philosopher will eventually eat (given that no hungry philosopher will eat forever). There are a lot of algorithms that have been introduced in this field. In the previous sections of the paper, we went through 3 different dining philosophers algorithms, Hygienic Algorithm, Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1, and Dining Philosophers that tolerate malicious crashes. Each one has its own assumptions and characteristics and so is applicable in some situations or systems that other algorithms are not. The Hygienic algorithm (Chandy / Misra solution) is one of the basic and fundamental solutions to the dining philosophers. Its main advantage is that it implements the prioritization by introducing a variable with 2 possible states for each fork; clean or dirty. This insures the liveness property and that no starvation would occur since the forks would be given to the most starved process in the system. On the other hand, this algorithm does not have any way of tolerating crashes in the system or at least limiting the circle of affected processes by a crash in the system. As a result to that, this algorithm cannot be used in a fault-tolerant system or any system that is due to crashes or failures. The second algorithm in this paper is the Dining Philosophers That Tolerate Malicious Crashes. This algorithm presents a new concept by assuming that the links between the neighboring philosophers are directed which would refer to having priorities between the different processes in the system and so avoid starvation. However, this algorithm adds a very important contribution to the regular dining philosophers algorithm by combining two concepts, Stabilization and Crash Locality. Stabilization in the algorithm works by having a crash in the system (a malicious failure as defined in the paper) and the diners algorithm would continue its execution without being affected by the crash. The crash locality in this algorithm is limited to 2. This means that maximum distance between the crashed process and the farthest affected process by that crash is 2. The algorithm works in asynchronous model of the system where no synchrony of any mean is existing between the processes in the system (every process will execute its code without knowledge about execution of every other process). The third algorithm in this paper is Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1. This algorithm uses Failure Detectors. A Failure Detector is a program that will eventually (after multiple runs) identify failures in the processes in the system and can inform all the other processes about the crashed process. By using this failure detector, the algorithm is able to identify the location of the crashed process and so can identify its direct neighbors. Assuming that each process is in the state of eating, thinking, or hungry, it forces the direct neighbors of the crashed process to be in the thinking state in order not to prevent their neighbors from eating and so the processes in the system will continue their execution perfectly. Note that as a part of any dining philosophers algorithm, a process cannot be in the thinking state unless it was in the eating state before. This transition is also maintained by the algorithm. By introducing some additional set of steps to the original dining philosophers algorithm, the new algorithm limits the crash locality to 1 using the previously mentioned mechanism. The additional set of steps added to do that is dependent upon the original algorithm being transformed. The paper provides transformation for 3 main dining philosophers algorithms: Asynchronous Doorway Algorithm, Hierarchical Resource Allocation Algorithm, and Hygienic Dining Philosophers Algorithm which is the first algorithm we talked about in this survey. The algorithm assumes that the system is supported by partial synchrony (not necessarily executing the same step in the same time, but there is a reliable communication channels between neighbors). Conclusion: As discussed in this paper, the dining and drinking philosophers problem is a very old and important problem in the distributed computing field. It was first introduced by Dijkstra and then used by many other researches as a general problem for illustrating mutual exclusion and resource sharing and allocation problem. A lot of algorithms have been introduced to resolve this problem with many options and assumptions which makes each proposed algorithm suitable for specific applications. In this paper, we have introduced the problem with some of the fundamental and very old solutions for it in the Introduction section. Then, we introduced 3 main algorithms for dining philosophers problem resolution. The first one is the Hygienic algorithm (Misra / Chandy solution). It is one of the first algorithms proposed for this problem. It has crash tolerance mechanism but provides priorities between processes and prevents starvation in the system. The second algorithm was a dining philosophers algorithm that tolerates malicious crashes. The algorithm works in an asynchronous system of processes and makes sure that the dining philosophers system wont crash even if a malicious crash hit a process in the system. This is done by having virtual directed links between neighboring processes to have sort of prioritization between the processes provided that the directed links should not form a cycle at all. The third algorithm was the dining philosophers with crash locality 1. This algorithm combines stabilization by allowing the system to have a crashed process while the system continues to operate correctly. Also, it provides a limit on the maximum number of processes affected by any crash in any process (Crash Locality) to be the direct neighbors of the crashing process only without letting the crash affect any other process in the system. At the end, we have combined them together into one section to list the advantages, disadvantages, assumptions, and best suitable application for each algorithm included in this paper in the comparison section.