Drinking And Dining Philosophers Philosophy Essay

Drinking And Dining Philosophers Philosophy Essay The Dining Philosophers and Drinking Philosophers resolution problems are of very famous and of practical importance in Distributed systems to resolve conflicts between processes. It illustrates the problem of having multiple processes contending for multiple shared resources in the same time. However, the conflict resolution between processes usually happens in favor of some process against the other (victim process). Some solutions allow the processes to enter a deadlock situation and then recover from it by choosing that victim process. In this case, it is very important to make sure that the victim process selection is not always the same to ensure some sort of fairness in the system and prevent starvation from occurring. Other solutions dont allow the system to enter a deadlock situation from the beginning and so prevent the crash from happening at the first place. In this survey paper, we will discuss some of the different proposed solutions to that very famous problem and try to compare between them and find the advantages, disadvantages, and most suitable applications for each one. Introduction: Figure1. Dining Philosophers Problem The dining philosophers problem is a very old problem in concurrent computation. It can be described as having five philosophers sitting at a circular table doing one of two things: either eating or thinking. They sit at the circular table with a bowl of spaghetti in front of each philosopher. A fork is placed between each philosopher and his neighbor. A philosopher must eat with two forks. A philosopher can only use the forks next to him. The philosophers here represent processes in a distributed system. The philosophers never interact or talk to each other (there is no communication between the processes), which brings high possibility of deadlock situation when every philosopher holds a one fork and waits for the other one which is already held by his neighboring philosopher. A deadlock situation means having a set of processes each of which is waiting for one or more resources in order to continue its execution. However, one or more required resources are held by another process in the set forming a cycle in the wait-for graph (a graph connects the set of processes each of which pointing to the process currently holding the required resource). The problem is used to illustrate having a deadlock situation in a distributed system. It reaches a deadlock situation if it reaches a cycle of requests that were not granted. In this case, 1st philosopher is waiting for a fork held by 2nd philosopher, while 2nd one is waiting for a fork held by the 3rd one and so on, making a circular chain of non-granted requests to resources. Starvation is another issue that may occur and should be taken care of when resolving the conflicts between philosophers after reaching a deadlock situation. Starvation in general means to have a specific process utilizing some resource all the time without giving the chance to other processes to use that resource. In this case, the other processes are starving. In dining philosophers problem, this happens by selecting a victim philosopher and suspending him for a small amount of time and then let him try to grab the fork again. Starvation occurs if the same philosopher is always chosen as the victim. This depends on the mechanism used to resolve the conflict and recover from the deadlock situation. Drinking Philosophers Problem is very similar to the Dining philosophers problem with some differentiations. It is assumed that a number of philosophers are sitting next to each other (imagine the same round table as the dining philosophers problem). There is a bottle between each pair of neighboring philosophers. Each philosopher can start drinking at any time (concurrent execution of processes). However, when a drinking session is about to start for a philosopher, he needs a set of bottles. This means that he may need one of the two bottles next to him (on the left or on the right) or he may need both. If he needs both bottles to drink, he cannot start drinking until he grabs both bottles (resources). A solution is needed to this problem to coordinate the requests raised by each philosopher without preventing some special cases from occurring. For example, it may happen that all the philosophers want to drink at the same time and they all ask for the bottle on their left hand side. This is a valid case which should not be prevented by the solution algorithm because this prevents the processes from executing concurrently. There have been a lot of solutions proposed to the dining philosophers problem. One of them is the Waiter solution. It is a simple solution that introduces a waiter at the table. A philosopher who is willing to grab a fork will have to ask for the waiters permission. The waiter acts as the coordinator process since he knows the status of all the philosophers (processes) and the forks (resources) and can decide which request to grant and which request to refuse if it going to allow a deadlock to occur. Another solution is the Resource Hierarchy solution. It works by numbering the resources (forks) from 1 to 5. Each philosopher can start eating by requesting the lower-numbered fork before the higher-numbered one. If granted, he can continue to ask for the higher-numbered fork. When freeing the resources (forks), he will have to free the higher-numbered fork before the lower-numbered one allowing another philosopher who has already grabbed his lower-numbered fork to grab his higher-numbered fork and start eating. One very famous solution to that problem is to not let the philosopher eat unless his two neighboring philosophers are not eating. This is done by letting the philosopher check his right neighbor, if he is not eating, he goes and check his left neighbor, if he is not eating also, then he can start eating by grabbing the two forks. However, it is not that simple because his right neighbor could start eating while he is checking his left neighbor. This is done by using Mutual Exclusion locks (Monitors). Mutual Exclusion algorithms are used in distributed systems to prevent simultaneous use of common resources by using critical sections which are pieces of code that allow the process to access that shared resource without being interrupted by any other process or an event generated by the executing process itself. Monitors are used on the functions that change the Philosophers states so it guarantees that the state of the philosopher wont change while checking the state of the second on e. This solution is very similar to the solution which states that if the philosopher have been able to grab his right fork but could not grab his left fork, he should release the right fork since grabbing it without the left fork has no benefit. In fact, it affects the philosophers right neighbor since he cannot eat because his left fork is grabbed already (without any benefit) while his right fork can be free. In order for this solution to be useful, it is needed to assure that none of the philosophers are starving. This can be done by maintaining a counter for the maximum number of times that a philosopher has been prevented from eating so that a philosopher can be prevented from picking up a fork because his neighbor is starving. In this paper, we will go through different papers that propose different solutions with different characteristics for each one. The first solution was proposed by Chandy and Misra long time ago to let an arbitrary number of agents (philosophers) to be able to contend to an arbitrary number of resources (forks) using a completely distributed starvation-free algorithm. The second one solves the dining philosophers problem in the presence of malicious failures using a combination of stabilization and optimal crash failure locality. The third one solves the dining philosophers problem in the presence of faulty processes in the system with a crash locality 1 using partial synchrony. Chandy / Misra Solution: This solution was proposed in 1984 to support arbitrary number of processes (philosophers) to contend to arbitrary number of resources (forks); not necessarily two forks. The algorithm is totally distributed and requires no central authority after initialization like the solutions mentioned in the introduction part of this paper. Each fork has two states, dirty or clean. Initially, all forks are dirty. Whenever two philosophers try to contend for a fork, give it to the agency with the lower ID with a dirty state at the beginning. Whenever a philosopher wants a resource that is held by another one, he should send request messages to all the philosophers having the resources he needs. When a philosopher gets a request message from a contending one, he should give the fork to him if it is dirty, and keep the fork with him in case it is clean. Whenever a philosopher gives away a fork, he changes its state to be clean and frees the resource. When a philosopher uses a clean fork for eating, it becomes dirty. This solution has other benefits as well. It allows high degree of concurrency and can be used to solve large problems since there is no constraint on the number of processes or resources contended by them in the algorithm. The algorithm also solves the starvation problem by using the clean / dirty states for forks. It acts as a preference to give the fork to the most starved philosopher and delays the philosophers who have just eaten and are requesting the fork again. This algorithm is also called the Hygienic Dining Philosophers algorithm. It is considered one of the fundamental solutions to the dining philosophers problem. It is used as a basis for many other papers and researches to develop more resolution algorithms for the dining and drinking philosophers problem. Dining Philosophers that Tolerate Malicious Crashes: A Malicious Crash is a fault in a process due to a component or environmental failure that will lead to arbitrary behavior in that process by doing a finite number of arbitrary steps and then end all its operations without informing or alerting other processes in the system. The paper models malicious crashes by combining two types of failures, Halting Failures and Transient Failures. A Halting failure occurs when the failed process does not do anything due to the failure. A special case of this failure is the initially dead process where the failed process does not do anything throughout the whole operation of the system. A transient failure perturbs the system for a finite amount of time and then leaves the system in some arbitrary state. Stabilization algorithms are used to solve this type of failures since Stabilizing algorithms are able to start from any arbitrary incorrect state of the system, brings the system to a logically correct state, and makes it continue correct operati on thereafter. a non-malicious crash is called benign crash in this paper. It is assumed in the paper that the system could be asynchronous and though it is stated in other papers that the minimum crash locality that can be achieved in case of crashes in a dining philosophers system is 2 (the distance between the farthest process affected by the crashed process and the crashed process in 2). It is also mentioned that it is very difficult to identify a crashed process from a slow one in an asynchronous system. It is known only if the failure is a fail-stop (a type of Halting Failure where other processes know when that process failed). The algorithm works by introducing a priority between each pair of processes in the dining philosophers system. This is done by assigning a direction for the link between each pair of philosophers. This direction identifies the direct ancestors and descendants of each process in the system. The directed links are assigned in such a way that prevents having cycles in the graph (the graph is acyclic). A hungry process will eat only if its direct ancestors are not hungry (maintaining priorities in the progress condition of the algorithm). Also, when a hungry process is done eating, it changes its priority to become the descendant of all its neighbors by changing the directions of the links. A deadlock is not possible to occur in this case since the algorithm would make sure that the directed links do not form a cycle in the dependency graph. Having a dependency graph may violate the liveness property if having long chains of waiting processes and one of the waiting processes crashes. The liveness property can be violated also if the dependency graph contained a cycle at any point of time. To break the cycle, each process knows about the distance between itself and its farthest descendant. If at any point in time, and in any process, that value exceeded the diameter of the system (the number of processes in the system), then this process detects a cycle and will make itself the descendant of all its neighbors to break that cycle. It is assumed that the diameter of the system is known to all processes when the system starts its operation. Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1: Crash Locality is a quantity that refers to the maximum number of neighboring processes affected by a failure that occurred in the crashing process. Optimal crash locality would be 0 (no neighboring processes affected at all) in fully synchronized systems. It usually degrades to crash locality 2 when dealing with asynchronous systems. This algorithm proposes a solution with crash locality 1 (only one neighbor is affected by a process crash) using partial synchrony in the system. Partial synchrony is a mid-level of synchrony between full synchrony and asynchrony. Full synchrony means having all the processes executing the same line of code in the same time. Asynchrony means having no connection or relation of any type between the processes while execution. Partial synchrony means to have reliable channels between the processes without the guarantee of the exact concurrent execution for all the processes. The algorithm reaches its result at the end by having all the hungry processes in the system either eating or having a crashed process in its 1-neighborhood (the processes that are direct neighbor to that process). This is achieved by using the eventually perfect failure detector -P. The failure detector would act as a distributed module where each process has access only to its own local module where it can identify if it has crashed or not. On the other hand, the detector modules communicate with each other to let each process know about the processes which have crashes. The detector may make mistakes. It can suspect a correct process to have crashes (false-positive) or not suspect a crashing process (false-negative). However, after some point, the detector will converge (said to be well-founded) and provide correct information about crashes in the system. After convergence, the detector will remain well-founded thereafter. The algorithm works using the Skepticism concept. This means that the processes within the 1-neighborhood of the crashing process would be skipped (the process is called skeptical). Also, a skeptical process should not prevent its neighbor from eating if this neighbor is hungry and is not the crashing process. In other words, if we have a crashing process, its direct neighbors would be skeptical but the direct neighbors of its direct neighbors should not be affected by the processs crash by this algorithm since our main objective is to limit the crash locality to exactly 1 (only the direct neighbors of the crashing process would be affected by the crash). The algorithm is not a fixed simple list of steps to be executed. It defines a general method for limiting the crash locality to 1 by introducing a set of steps that would depend on the dining algorithm being transformed to support the crash locality condition. However, it uses the same general concept among all the algorithms. The algorithm assumes that each philosopher is in the state of eating, hungry, or thinking. Also, a philosopher wont be eating unless he becomes hungry first. Another thing is that the transition to the thinking state occurs only from the eating state. On the other hand, a philosopher wont prevent his neighbors from eating if he was in the thinking state. This means that if there is a crashing process, and its direct neighbors are being affected by that crash, implementing and insuring that those direct neighbors are in the thinking state wont prevent the other philosophers from eating and so the dining philosophers algorithm will continue its normal execution with only 1-neighborhood philosophers of the crashing philosopher affected by that crash. Comparison: Any dining philosopher solution should maintain the following 2 conditions: Safety: No neighboring philosophers could eat in the same time. No deadlock situation should occur between the philosophers. Liveness: every hungry philosopher will eventually eat (given that no hungry philosopher will eat forever). There are a lot of algorithms that have been introduced in this field. In the previous sections of the paper, we went through 3 different dining philosophers algorithms, Hygienic Algorithm, Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1, and Dining Philosophers that tolerate malicious crashes. Each one has its own assumptions and characteristics and so is applicable in some situations or systems that other algorithms are not. The Hygienic algorithm (Chandy / Misra solution) is one of the basic and fundamental solutions to the dining philosophers. Its main advantage is that it implements the prioritization by introducing a variable with 2 possible states for each fork; clean or dirty. This insures the liveness property and that no starvation would occur since the forks would be given to the most starved process in the system. On the other hand, this algorithm does not have any way of tolerating crashes in the system or at least limiting the circle of affected processes by a crash in the system. As a result to that, this algorithm cannot be used in a fault-tolerant system or any system that is due to crashes or failures. The second algorithm in this paper is the Dining Philosophers That Tolerate Malicious Crashes. This algorithm presents a new concept by assuming that the links between the neighboring philosophers are directed which would refer to having priorities between the different processes in the system and so avoid starvation. However, this algorithm adds a very important contribution to the regular dining philosophers algorithm by combining two concepts, Stabilization and Crash Locality. Stabilization in the algorithm works by having a crash in the system (a malicious failure as defined in the paper) and the diners algorithm would continue its execution without being affected by the crash. The crash locality in this algorithm is limited to 2. This means that maximum distance between the crashed process and the farthest affected process by that crash is 2. The algorithm works in asynchronous model of the system where no synchrony of any mean is existing between the processes in the system (every process will execute its code without knowledge about execution of every other process). The third algorithm in this paper is Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1. This algorithm uses Failure Detectors. A Failure Detector is a program that will eventually (after multiple runs) identify failures in the processes in the system and can inform all the other processes about the crashed process. By using this failure detector, the algorithm is able to identify the location of the crashed process and so can identify its direct neighbors. Assuming that each process is in the state of eating, thinking, or hungry, it forces the direct neighbors of the crashed process to be in the thinking state in order not to prevent their neighbors from eating and so the processes in the system will continue their execution perfectly. Note that as a part of any dining philosophers algorithm, a process cannot be in the thinking state unless it was in the eating state before. This transition is also maintained by the algorithm. By introducing some additional set of steps to the original dining philosophers algorithm, the new algorithm limits the crash locality to 1 using the previously mentioned mechanism. The additional set of steps added to do that is dependent upon the original algorithm being transformed. The paper provides transformation for 3 main dining philosophers algorithms: Asynchronous Doorway Algorithm, Hierarchical Resource Allocation Algorithm, and Hygienic Dining Philosophers Algorithm which is the first algorithm we talked about in this survey. The algorithm assumes that the system is supported by partial synchrony (not necessarily executing the same step in the same time, but there is a reliable communication channels between neighbors). Conclusion: As discussed in this paper, the dining and drinking philosophers problem is a very old and important problem in the distributed computing field. It was first introduced by Dijkstra and then used by many other researches as a general problem for illustrating mutual exclusion and resource sharing and allocation problem. A lot of algorithms have been introduced to resolve this problem with many options and assumptions which makes each proposed algorithm suitable for specific applications. In this paper, we have introduced the problem with some of the fundamental and very old solutions for it in the Introduction section. Then, we introduced 3 main algorithms for dining philosophers problem resolution. The first one is the Hygienic algorithm (Misra / Chandy solution). It is one of the first algorithms proposed for this problem. It has crash tolerance mechanism but provides priorities between processes and prevents starvation in the system. The second algorithm was a dining philosophers algorithm that tolerates malicious crashes. The algorithm works in an asynchronous system of processes and makes sure that the dining philosophers system wont crash even if a malicious crash hit a process in the system. This is done by having virtual directed links between neighboring processes to have sort of prioritization between the processes provided that the directed links should not form a cycle at all. The third algorithm was the dining philosophers with crash locality 1. This algorithm combines stabilization by allowing the system to have a crashed process while the system continues to operate correctly. Also, it provides a limit on the maximum number of processes affected by any crash in any process (Crash Locality) to be the direct neighbors of the crashing process only without letting the crash affect any other process in the system. At the end, we have combined them together into one section to list the advantages, disadvantages, assumptions, and best suitable application for each algorithm included in this paper in the comparison section.

Globalization Interconnectedness Past and Present Essay

We can go even a further back and argue that globalization, in the logic of a growth in interconnectedness between members of different states, is itself only a special case of something more universal. In medieval Europe most people for most-of the time stayed close to where they were born. They inspired mainly local goods and, primarily, produced either for themselves or for a very local market (Schlossberg H. 1992). Economies were mainly local. Trade over considerable distances took place on water either by sea or river, which accounts for the inconsistent number of towns and villages which were either by the sea or on rivers. Human beings seem to have had a steady urge to detach themselves from the area as much as the technology of the day permitted (J Gray 1992). Certainly there have always been big movements, sometimes of populations looking for better circumstances and of conquerors building empires. Under the Roman Empire, large parts of Europe were ‘globalizing’ in this sense and the degree of globalization declined with the Empire’s retreat. The medieval Church could be seen as several form of globalizing force but the degrees of interaction and interdependence were much reduced in the so-called Dark Ages (Thurow L 1996). Communications are also of significance in considering the ‘nationalization’ of different states. As communications enhanced (which before electronic communication meant, in fact, how fast people could travel), states had much more practical unity. This was mostly true of large states such as Canada and the United States where the railroad meant that people could travel between the major population centers, and numerous of the minor population centers, within two or three days as opposed to weeks. Markets then became national as an instant precursor to becoming international. These changes can all be measured parts of the same process (Herman E and McChesney R 1997). On this view, globalization is a trend which has been going on for centuries, which is undeniably continuing and might be accelerating. In this sense, the present period is not in itself novel. However, Scholte (1997) argues that there is more to globalization than this. For him globalization is not just communication on a global scale but deterritorialisation or superterritorialisation of numerous activities which formerly were tied to some terrain, not as a matter of an accident but as a matter of necessity. Thus, there is efficiently a global stock market. There are twenty-four hours trading in the world as a complete and traders in, say; the Tokyo markets keep a close eye on the London market on a real-time basis. There are differences. Tokyo is not just a postal (or e-mail) address of any implication but these differences are minor compared with the similarities or with the distinctions that existed even thirty years ago. It would most probably be possible to place all the worlds’ stock markets in a single place say on a South Sea island and it would make very little difference. It would perhaps make even less difference if this were to be done in twenty years’ time. (It might be a development. The traders might be so tempted by the sun and the good life that they would spend less time trading. Thus, trade less anxiously, and calm the often totally needless fluctuations in the various financial markets. ) On the other hand, certainly, all the traders could work from home. This is the point. The actual geographical location is trivial (Weiner E. 1992). Basically, Globalization is typically held to be inner to globalizing processes usually with the economic put up as the motor of globalization. This heaves questions not simply about the capability of the nation state to govern and the standing of national companies and economic interests but as well concerning what and who comprises civil society. As suggested by Robertson, the coexistence of nation state and civil society is busted by globalization. This offers the origin for an increase in the power of the market, but as well opens up diverse possibilities for globalize forms of sociality and practices, for what some term globalization from below (Robertson, R. 1992). Here, the connection between state and citizenship might be loosened with people playing a vigorous role in more global networks to address issues of communal concern. National governments become simply a partial focus is still influential for definite forms of popular involvement, as established by such groups as Greenpeace and definite humanitarian groups. Globalization consequently offers possibilities as well as intimidation to the extend of capitalist relations. On the one hand, for example, there is the feminization of labor where: †¦global assembly lines are ‘manned’ by women workers in free trade zones; subcontracted industrial home working is performed at kitchen tables by women who ‘have time on their hands’; home-based teleworking is carried out by women who can’t afford day-care costs and are grateful to have paid work (Manicom and Walters 1997:72). However, practices as well expand that convey together groups pretentious by economic reformation in new ways, such as trade unions support labor and community projects exterior their own national base. Likewise, information and communication technologies (ICTs) can be utilized by contradictory groupings. Affinity groups of ‘senior’ or retired citizens, feminist scholars, individuals who share knowledge on health afflictions, hobbyists, professionals, political organizations and many others are†¦using the Internet to educate, proselytise and organize, cutting across national boundaries with apparent ease. (Goodenow 1996:200) As notions of globalization both from below as well as from above help to reframe some of the varied potential within globalization, they as well present a explicit spatial association that seems to be set within specific binaries of above-below, power-resistance and domination liberation. In other words, this is an idea of globalization already included within specific politics, rather than, a reframing of the political and definitely a resistance to it. Conclusion Thus, to compete effectively, business organizations should develop a technology strategy. Moreover, as the concept of the globalization significantly extends this concept to government; not least by giving it an influential institutional framework, but does not significantly alter its function. The global economy does, though, stand in a different relation to the government since it is no longer neutral. It is still presented as apolitical, and is consequently still understood to be ‘economic’, but it has also become a normative and, certainly, normalizing, reality. The global economy functions in a different way with regard to the government; whilst movements in the world economy have long inclined economic policy within the government, the global economy presented as some new realism forces changes in national policy as a complete. This has the further significance, of forcing the government to distinguish between its proper function with regard to the global future and its function with regard to a sub-national, local past. Through the formation of the competition government, the homogeneity of the national economy though assumed in theory is cooperating in practice. The national private economy ceases to be believable as a homogenous unity and becomes a single but distinguished space. This has, certainly, always been the case, but the mobility of capital and the disintegration of the labor-intensive fordist production systems in the North has grinded the differences between regions of the similar government.

Effects Of The New Deal Coalition - 855 Words

The new deal coalition was the coming up of voting blocks and interest groups such as, blacks, southern democrats and the urban Catholics. It involved a group of government programs which aimed to improve conditions for people who were suffering from depression. Many people were against the coalition because they thought it built up the power held by the government hence promoting capitalism. In opening the method for the new deal coalition, President Herbert Hoover was overpowered by Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 election. He was against the new deal policy which involved the central government taking accountability for the well-being of the nation by upholding the great levels of economic events. Hoover had issues with Roosevelt because he thought that he was too slow to bring up all the programs in the new deal and the American economy would collapse due to the funding of the program. Some of the amendments which were enacted included the provision of the president with the ways to restart sustainable banks and even regulate them; another bill which was enacted was the cutting of the federal costs through reorganization and even the reduction of veteran’s salaries and pensions. In 1935 the congress enacted the social security bill Act which provided pension to the aged people in the society, benefit to dependent mothers, blind people, crippled children and also unemployed people were also considered in the Act. It also gave financial support to homeowners, smallShow MoreRelatedResolving the Social Problem of Crime1313 Words   |  5 PagesResolving a Social Problem: As mentioned in the first assignment, one of the main social problems in the modern society is crime, which is basically defined as an offense against public law. Since it is a major social problem, crime has significant effects on victims, the society, and social institutions. Crime is a multi-faceted social problem because it involves personal responsibility as well as social, cultural, and political aspects that contribute to it. It is also a social problem that shouldRead MoreReflective Report On Negotiation1539 Words   |  7 Pagescontrast the various emotions, relationships and coalitions formed in day one and day two of the negotiation. The outcome will then be measured for its value and ‘success’ from my perspective as the spokesperson for the employee representation group. To conclude, the cognitive biases present throughout the negotiation will be explored to shed light on the overall experience    Day One: Pre-new information The first day of the negotiation demonstrated the effects of my emotions, namely confidence and uneaseRead MoreThe Quality Of Contemporary Chilean Democracy1657 Words   |  7 Pagesformation of party coalitions, elite control over candidate selection, and low involvement of women in Congress, the country cannot be considered a successful democracy. I begin with this analysis by reviewing the work of scholars. Many authors argue that the lack of representation in Chile was caused by General Augusto Pinochet and the limits he put in place.to restrain the new government. In 1980 Pinochet created a new Constitution. Within this constitution were barriers that limited the new governmentRead MoreThe Design Of The Antipsychiatry Coalition1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe second website chosen for review under chapter four is titled â€Å"The Antipsychiatry Coalition†. The latter is actually a movement whose members created this website to help them deal with the stigma and stereotyping that is faced by people who have received psychiatric treatment (Antipsychiatry, 2015). The â€Å"Antipsychiatry Coalition† website mainly assists people who feel that harm and pain has been inflicted on them as a result of them suffering from a psychiatric condition. In most cases, peopleRead MoreContributions Of British Politics And The Liberal Democrats Over The Last Three Decades1669 Words   |  7 Pagesplayed an active part in the world of British politics over the last thirty years, in a variety of roles as a third party and as members of the conservative/liberal coalition. To truly consider the major contributions of such a party it is necessary to consider the variety of ideological and policy stances taken by the party and their effects on British politics. Stances for consideration in this essay include the Liberal democrats’ strong stance on the protection of civil liberties, internationalismRead MoreThe Collapse of Weimar and the Rise of Hitler Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneral strike in the region. This would result in the rightwing becoming against the new republic, along with leftwing groups. But possibly the greatest threat for early Weimar Germany was the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty left the Weimar with a massive debt that she was unlikely to repay. The problems that were handed to the new government and the events that occurred as the new Republic was created can be seen as a factor that lead to its eventually downfall. Read MoreEssay on Homelessness in The Glass Castle1264 Words   |  6 Pagesits impact upon daily life, and its effect on victimized families. Walls’ autobiography establishes that there are several causes of homelessness. More specifically, she discusses that poverty prevents one from affording life necessities. As reported by the National Coalition for Homelessness, â€Å"Homelessness and poverty are inextricably linked. Poor people are frequently unable to pay for housing, food, childcare, health care, and education† (National Coalition for the Homeless - Why Are People HomelessRead More Persian Gulf War Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"international coalition† gathered in Saudi Arabia. The United States sent more than 400,000 troops, and more than 200,000 additional troops came from Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, France, Kuwait, Egypt, Syria, Senegal, Niger, Morocco, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain. Other countries contributed ships, air forces, and medical units, including Canada, Italy, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Portuga l, Spain, Czechoslovakia, New Zealand,Read MoreThe Great Depression : The Greatest Depression1257 Words   |  6 Pagesareas of the world. The Great Depression was the longest, most severe depression ever seen, and experienced by the newly, industrialized Western world. Although there are pros and cons, as it brought in deep social and personal problems as well as a new introduction to thought and culture. Today, economists still argue on what really caused The Great Depression. Today, still there is a minimum understanding on what caused the Great Depression, although there are many theories. In the Unites StatesRead MoreThe War Against Terrorism Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagesoil wealth in order to secure his own power with OPEC and among his own people. The United Nations Security Council immediately placed a trade embargo on Iraq and demanded that they withdraw from Kuwait. When Hussein failed to comply, a world coalition of 39 countries, mainly led by the United States and the United Nations, was given the order to take action. Air strikes soon commenced followed by a full scale ground invasion, which lasted technically until late February of 1991, in which Hussein’s

The Problem Of Substance Abuse - 1379 Words

Aimee Parry was a 26 year old women who was addicted to fentanyl(Nish et al., 2012). At age 14 she founder herself pregnant and got an abortion, 6 months later she got pregnant again she just wanted someone to love her(). Her life started to go downhill when her son got taken away from her and she believed that she no longer had anything to live for(Nish et al., 2012). Whelan et al., (2013) state that, addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. A person who was addicted to drugs would lie, cheat, report their friends, steal, or do anything to satisfy their personal need(Whelan et al., 2013). In this paper I will be focusing on a 26†¦show more content†¦For Aimee her drug addiction started innocently enough, with an OxyContin prescription that she received from a doctor for pain management. It s the high content of oxycodone that makes OxyContin popular on the street(Fire stone et al., 2009). People who abuse the drug crush the tablet and swallow or snort it, or dilute it in water and inject it(Firestone et al., 2009). This destroys the time-release mechanism so that the user gets the full effects of the narcotic(Firestone et al., 2009). Users compare the high to the euphoria of heroin, in the film Aimee stated that due to her talking fentanyl she experienced feelings of euphoria and she no longer cared about her problems just relaxed. Abusers of the drug, who take higher than prescribed dosage, can develop a tolerance for OxyContin which can cause them to take ever-increasing larger amounts to achieve the same effect. They can become addicted or dependent on the drug quickly. According to Aimee the Oxy stopped working, I did the Fentanyl, and the first time I was hooked. It was stronger, much cheaper and easier to find, it was a quick downward spiral(Firestone et al., 2009). Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opiate analgesic similar to but more poten t than morphine(Firestone et al., 2009). In the video Aimee stated that she has been using fentanyl for 2 years and that she has to a shot of fentanyl every 6 hours or else she panics and starts to get sick. Aimee believed that she deserves this